Australia

Brian Schmidt

Australia, United States of America

for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae (Astrophys. J.: 517 (1999) 565-586; Astrophys. J.: 507 (1998) 46-63; Astron. J.: 116 (1998) 1009-1038)

Elizabeth H. Blackburn

United States of America, Australia

for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase

Barry Marshall

Australia

for the discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

Robin Warren

Australia

for the discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

J. M. Coetzee

Australia, South Africa

for portraying, in innumerable guises, the surprising involvement of the outsider

Peter C. Doherty

Australia

for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defence

John Warcup Cornforth

Australia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Patrick White

Australia (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature

John Carew Eccles

Australia

for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane

Frank Macfarlane Burnet

Australia

for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance

Howard Walter Florey

Australia

for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases