Italy

Giorgio Parisi

Italy

for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales

Dario Fo

Italy

for emulating the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italy, United States of America

for their discoveries of growth factors

Franco Modigliani

United States of America, Italy

for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets

Carlo Rubbia

Italy

for their decisive contributions to the large project that led to the discovery of the W and Z particles, mediators of the weak interaction

Eugenio Montale

Italy

for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions

Giulio Natta

Italy

for the discovery and fundamental studies of polymerization processes using novel catalysts

Salvatore Quasimodo

Italy

for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times

Daniel Bovet

Italy (Switzerland)

for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles

Luigi Pirandello

Italy

for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art

Grazia Deledda

Italy

for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general

Giosuè Carducci

Italy

not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces