Soviet Union

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet Union

for his leading role in ending the Cold War, signing the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, and encouraging democratization in the Eastern Bloc through Perestroika

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

Soviet Union

for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics

Andrei Sakharov

Soviet Union

for his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations

Leonid Kantorovich

Soviet Union

for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources

Wassily Leontief

Soviet Union

for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Soviet Union

for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature

Mikhail Sholokhov

Soviet Union

for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people

Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov

Soviet Union

for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov

Soviet Union

for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle

Lev Davidovich Landau

Soviet Union

for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov

Soviet Union

for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect (C.R. Acad. Sci. USSR: 2 (1934) 451; 14 (1937) 107)

Ilya Mikhailovich Frank

Soviet Union

for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect (C.R. Acad. Sci. USSR: 2 (1934) 451; 14 (1937) 107)

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm

Soviet Union

for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect (C.R. Acad. Sci. USSR: 2 (1934) 451; 14 (1937) 107)

Boris Pasternak

Soviet Union

for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition

Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov

Soviet Union

for their researches on the kinetics of gas-phase chemical reactions, in particular chain reactions