Germany

Klaus Hasselmann

Germany

for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming

Benjamin List

Germany

for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis

Reinhard Genzel

Germany

for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy

Joachim Frank

Germany, United States of America

for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

Stefan Hell

Germany, Romania

for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

Herta Müller

Germany (Romania)

who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed

Harald zur Hausen

Germany

Discovery of human papillomaviruses causing cervical cancer

Peter Grünberg

Germany

Discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR). Key papers: M.N. Baibich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2472–2475 (Fert group) and G. Binasch et al., Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 4828–4830 (Grünberg group).

Gerhard Ertl

Germany

for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces

Theodor W. Hänsch

Germany

For their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique. Through papers such as Science 288 (2000) 635-639, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72 (2001) 3749-3771, and Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 270801, they connected optical frequencies across the visible and infrared ranges to absolute references.

Wolfgang Ketterle

Germany

for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates (Science 269, 198–201, 1995; Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 420–423, 1996; Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969–3973, 1995).

Herbert Kroemer

Germany

for basic work on information and communication technology (for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and opto-electronics)

Günter Grass

Germany

whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history

Horst L. Störmer

Germany

for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

Germany

for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development

Reinhard Selten

Germany

for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games

Erwin Neher

Germany

for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells

Bert Sakmann

Germany

for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells

Georges J. F. Köhler

Germany

for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies

Karl von Frisch

Germany (Austria)

for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns

Heinrich Böll

Germany

for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature

Nelly Sachs

Germany, Sweden (Germany)

for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength

Hermann Hesse

Germany, Switzerland (Germany)

for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style

Thomas Mann

Germany

principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature

Gerhart Hauptmann

Germany

primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art

Paul von Heyse

Germany

as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories

Rudolf Christoph Eucken

Germany

in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life

Theodor Mommsen

Germany

the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome