United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Geoffrey Hinton

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks

Demis Hassabis

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Development of programs for protein structure prediction

Simon Johnson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity

James A. Robinson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity

David MacMillan

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis

Abdulrazak Gurnah

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Zanzibar, Tanzania, United Republic of)

for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents

Roger Penrose

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity

Michael Houghton

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of the Hepatitis C virus

M. Stanley Whittingham

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for the development of lithium-ion batteries

Peter J. Ratcliffe

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability

Greg Winter

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the phage display of peptides and antibodies

Richard Henderson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

Kazuo Ishiguro

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Japan)

for novels of great emotional force that uncover the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world

David J. Thouless

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter

Duncan Haldane

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Slovenia

for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter

Michael Kosterlitz

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter

Fraser Stoddart

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for the design and synthesis of molecular machines

Oliver Hart

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for their contributions to contract theory

Tomas Lindahl

Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for mechanistic studies of DNA repair

Angus Deaton

United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare

John O'Keefe

United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain

Peter Higgs

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

For the theoretical discovery of the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism, proposed in 1964, which explains how elementary particles acquire mass and was later confirmed by the observation of the Higgs boson by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. The award cites the seminal papers Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 321 (Englert & Brout), Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 508 (Higgs), and Phys. Rev. 145 (1966) 1156 (Higgs).

Michael Levitt

United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Israel

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

John Gurdon

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent

Konstantin Novoselov

Russian Federation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene

Robert G. Edwards

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the development of in vitro fertilization (IVF) technology

Christopher Pissarides

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Cyprus

for their analysis of markets with search frictions

Charles K. Kao

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America (Taiwan, Province of China)

for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

United States of America, India, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

Martin Evans

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

Doris Lessing

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zimbabwe (Iran (Islamic Republic of))

that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny

Harold Pinter

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for plays that uncover the precipice beneath everyday prattle and force entry into oppression's closed rooms

Anthony J. Leggett

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids (Sov. Phys. JETP 5 (1957) 1174–1182; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32 (1957) 1442–1452; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20 (1950) 1064–1082; Phys. Rev. 140 (1965) A1869–A1888; Phys. Rev. 147 (1966) 119–130; Phys. Rev. Lett. 29 (1972) 1227–1230; Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 (1973) 352–355; Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 (1975) 331–414; Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 (1981) 211–214)

Peter Mansfield

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging

Clive Granger

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the development of statistical methods to analyze economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH) and common trends (cointegration)

Sydney Brenner

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death

John E. Sulston

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death

Tim Hunt

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle

Paul M. Nurse

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle

V. S. Naipaul

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Trinidad and Tobago)

for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories

John Anthony Pople

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the development of computational methods in quantum chemistry

John Hume

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland

David Trimble

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland

John Ernest Walker

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Harold Walter Kroto

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of fullerenes (C60)

James Mirrlees

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information

Joseph Rotblat

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms

Richard J. Roberts

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of split genes

James W. Black

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

César Milstein

Argentina, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies

Richard Stone

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis

William Golding

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today

Aaron Klug

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes

John Robert Vane

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances

Elias Canetti

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Bulgaria)

for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power

Frederick Sanger

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids

Godfrey Hounsfield

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the development of computer assisted tomography (CT)

W. Arthur Lewis

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Saint Lucia

for their pioneering research into economic development with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries

Peter Dennis Mitchell

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his research on energy conversion in biological membranes

Sir Nevill Francis Mott

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems

James Meade

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their path-breaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements

Betty Williams

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland

Mairead Corrigan

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland

John Warcup Cornforth

Australia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Sir Martin Ryle

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his pioneering research in radio astrophysics, especially his observations and inventions related to the aperture-synthesis technique

Antony Hewish

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his pioneering research in radio astrophysics, particularly for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars

Brian David Josephson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel junction, in particular those phenomena known as the Josephson effects (Phys. Lett. 1 (1962) 251-253; Adv. Phys. 14 (1965) 419)

Geoffrey Wilkinson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of organometallic, so-called sandwich compounds

Nikolaas Tinbergen

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Netherlands)

for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns

Rodney Robert Porter

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies

John Hicks

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory

Dennis Gabor

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Kingdom of Hungary)

for his invention and development of the holographic method (Nature 161 (1948) 777–779, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 197 (1949) 454, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 64 (1951) 449)

Bernard Katz

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Germany)

for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanisms for their storage, release and inactivation

Derek Harold Richard Barton

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry

Ronald George Wreyford Norrish

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy

George Porter

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances

Alan Lloyd Hodgkin

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane

Andrew Huxley

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane

Max Ferdinand Perutz

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their studies of the structures of globular proteins

John Cowdery Kendrew

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their studies of the structures of globular proteins

Francis Harry Compton Crick

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material

Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, New Zealand

for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material

Peter Medawar

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Brazil)

for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance

Philip Noel-Baker

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace

Frederick Sanger

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin

VLord (Alexander Robertus) Todd

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes

Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their researches on the kinetics of gas-phase chemical reactions, in particular chain reactions

Max Born

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction

Hans Adolf Krebs

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Germany)

for the discovery of the citric acid cycle

Winston Churchill

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values

Archer John Porter Martin

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the invention and application of partition chromatography

Richard Laurence Millington Synge

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the invention and application of partition chromatography

Sir John Douglas Cockcroft

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles

Cecil Frank Powell

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method

Bertrand Russell

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought

John Boyd Orr

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his service as Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and as chairman of the National Peace Council

Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation

T. S. Eliot

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (United States of America)

for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry

Sir Edward Victor Appleton

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere, especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer

Sir Robert Robinson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids

Friends Service Council

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations

Alexander Fleming

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases

Ernst Boris Chain

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases

George Paget Thomson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals

Walter Norman Haworth

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C

Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace

Henry Hallett Dale

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses

James Chadwick

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of the neutron (Nature 129 (1932) 312)

Arthur Henderson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his untiring struggle and courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931–34

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory. Key papers: E. Schrödinger, Phys. Rev. 28 (1926) 1049-1070; P. A. M. Dirac, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 117 (1928) 610-624; 118 (1928) 351-361; 133 (1931) 60-72

Norman Angell

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his authorship of “The Great Illusion,” his active support of the League of Nations, and his wide dissemination of anti-war arguments that fostered international peace

Charles Scott Sherrington

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons

Edgar Douglas Adrian

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons

John Galsworthy

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga

Arthur Harden

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes

Frederick Gowland Hopkins

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins

Owen Willans Richardson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him (Richardson’s law)

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his invention of the cloud chamber, a method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour

George Bernard Shaw

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Ireland (Ireland)

for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty

Austen Chamberlain

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaties

John James Rickard Macleod

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of insulin

Francis William Aston

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule

Archibald Vivian Hill

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle

Frederick Soddy

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his contributions to the chemistry of radioactive substances and to the understanding of the origin and nature of isotopes

Charles Glover Barkla

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his discovery of the characteristic X-ray radiation of the elements

Sir William Henry Bragg

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

William Lawrence Bragg

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

Ernest Rutherford

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, New Zealand

for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances

Rudyard Kipling

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author

Joseph John Thomson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases

Lord Rayleigh(John William Strutt)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies

Sir William Ramsay

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air and the determination of their place in the periodic system

William Randal Cremer

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

as Secretary of the International Arbitration League

Ronald Ross

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on malaria, by which he showed how it enters the organism and thereby laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it