Nobel Prize in Physics

John Hopfield

United States of America

for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks

Geoffrey Hinton

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks

Pierre Agostini

United States of America (France)

for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter

Ferenc Krausz

Austria (Hungary)

for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter

Anne L'Huillier

Sweden (France)

for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter

Alain Aspect

France

for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science

John F. Clauser

United States of America

for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science

Anton Zeilinger

Austria

for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science

Syukuro Manabe

United States of America (Japan)

for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming

Klaus Hasselmann

Germany

for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming

Giorgio Parisi

Italy

for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales

Roger Penrose

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity

Reinhard Genzel

Germany

for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy

Andrea M. Ghez

United States of America

for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy

Jim Peebles

United States of America (Canada)

for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology

Michel Mayor

Switzerland

for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star

Didier Queloz

Switzerland

for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star

Arthur Ashkin

United States of America

for the development of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems

Gérard Mourou

France

for the development of a method for generating high-intensity, ultra-short laser pulses

Donna Strickland

Canada

for the development of a method for generating high-intensity, ultra-short laser pulses

Rainer Weiss

United States of America (Germany)

for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves

Barry Barish

United States of America

for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves

Kip Thorne

United States of America

for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves

David J. Thouless

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter

Duncan Haldane

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Slovenia

for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter

Michael Kosterlitz

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter

Takaaki Kajita

Japan

for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass (Nucl. Phys. B-Proc. Suppl. 77 (1999) 123 〈Kajita〉, 43 〈McDonald〉)

Arthur B. McDonald

Canada

for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass (Nucl. Phys. B-Proc. Suppl. 77 (1999) 123 〈Kajita〉, 43 〈McDonald〉)

Isamu Akasaki

Japan

for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which have enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources

Hiroshi Amano

Japan

for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which have enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources

Shuji Nakamura

United States of America (Japan)

for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which have enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources

François Englert

Belgium

For the theoretical discovery of the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism, proposed in 1964, which explains how elementary particles acquire mass and was later confirmed by the observation of the Higgs boson by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. The award cites the seminal papers Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 321 (Englert & Brout), Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 508 (Higgs), and Phys. Rev. 145 (1966) 1156 (Higgs).

Peter Higgs

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

For the theoretical discovery of the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism, proposed in 1964, which explains how elementary particles acquire mass and was later confirmed by the observation of the Higgs boson by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. The award cites the seminal papers Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 321 (Englert & Brout), Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 508 (Higgs), and Phys. Rev. 145 (1966) 1156 (Higgs).

Serge Haroche

France (Morocco)

for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems

David J. Wineland

United States of America

for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems

Saul Perlmutter

United States of America

for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae (Astrophys. J.: 517 (1999) 565-586; Astrophys. J.: 507 (1998) 46-63; Astron. J.: 116 (1998) 1009-1038)

Brian Schmidt

Australia, United States of America

for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae (Astrophys. J.: 517 (1999) 565-586; Astrophys. J.: 507 (1998) 46-63; Astron. J.: 116 (1998) 1009-1038)

Adam Riess

United States of America

for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae (Astrophys. J.: 517 (1999) 565-586; Astrophys. J.: 507 (1998) 46-63; Astron. J.: 116 (1998) 1009-1038)

Andre Geim

Netherlands (Russian Federation)

for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene

Konstantin Novoselov

Russian Federation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene

Charles K. Kao

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America (Taiwan, Province of China)

for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication

Willard Boyle

United States of America, Canada

for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor

George E. Smith

United States of America

for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor

Yoichiro Nambu

United States of America (Japan)

for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics (Phys. Rev. 117 (1960) 648; Phys. Rev. 122 (1961) 345-358; Phys. Rev. 124 (1961) 246-254)

Makoto Kobayashi

Japan

for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature (Progress of Theoretical Physics 49 (1973) 652-657)

Toshihide Maskawa

Japan

for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature (Progress of Theoretical Physics 49 (1973) 652-657)

Albert Fert

France

Discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR). Key papers: M.N. Baibich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2472–2475 (Fert group) and G. Binasch et al., Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 4828–4830 (Grünberg group).

Peter Grünberg

Germany

Discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR). Key papers: M.N. Baibich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2472–2475 (Fert group) and G. Binasch et al., Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 4828–4830 (Grünberg group).

John C. Mather

United States of America

for the discovery of the black-body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation (Astrophys. J. 420 (1994) 439-444; Astrophys. J. 464 (1996) L1-L4)

George F. Smoot

United States of America

for the discovery of the black-body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation (Astrophys. J. 420 (1994) 439-444; Astrophys. J. 464 (1996) L1-L4)

Roy J. Glauber

United States of America

For his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence. In a series of papers, including Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 (1963) 84-86, Phys. Rev. 130 (1963) 2529-2539, and Phys. Rev. 131 (1963) 2766-2788, he created a consistent framework that treats light as both particles and waves.

John L. Hall

United States of America

For their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique. Through papers such as Science 288 (2000) 635-639, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72 (2001) 3749-3771, and Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 270801, they connected optical frequencies across the visible and infrared ranges to absolute references.

Theodor W. Hänsch

Germany

For their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique. Through papers such as Science 288 (2000) 635-639, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72 (2001) 3749-3771, and Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 270801, they connected optical frequencies across the visible and infrared ranges to absolute references.

David J. Gross

United States of America

for the theoretical discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction, as reported in a series of papers (Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1343–1346; Phys. Rev. D 8 (1973) 3633–3652; Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 980–993; Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1346–1349; Phys. Rep. 14 (1974) 129–180).

H. David Politzer

United States of America

for the theoretical discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction, as reported in a series of papers (Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1343–1346; Phys. Rev. D 8 (1973) 3633–3652; Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 980–993; Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1346–1349; Phys. Rep. 14 (1974) 129–180).

Frank Wilczek

United States of America

for the theoretical discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction, as reported in a series of papers (Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1343–1346; Phys. Rev. D 8 (1973) 3633–3652; Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 980–993; Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1346–1349; Phys. Rep. 14 (1974) 129–180).

Alexei A. Abrikosov

United States of America, Russian Federation

for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids (Sov. Phys. JETP 5 (1957) 1174–1182; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32 (1957) 1442–1452; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20 (1950) 1064–1082; Phys. Rev. 140 (1965) A1869–A1888; Phys. Rev. 147 (1966) 119–130; Phys. Rev. Lett. 29 (1972) 1227–1230; Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 (1973) 352–355; Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 (1975) 331–414; Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 (1981) 211–214)

Vitaly L. Ginzburg

Russian Federation

for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids (Sov. Phys. JETP 5 (1957) 1174–1182; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32 (1957) 1442–1452; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20 (1950) 1064–1082; Phys. Rev. 140 (1965) A1869–A1888; Phys. Rev. 147 (1966) 119–130; Phys. Rev. Lett. 29 (1972) 1227–1230; Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 (1973) 352–355; Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 (1975) 331–414; Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 (1981) 211–214)

Anthony J. Leggett

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids (Sov. Phys. JETP 5 (1957) 1174–1182; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32 (1957) 1442–1452; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20 (1950) 1064–1082; Phys. Rev. 140 (1965) A1869–A1888; Phys. Rev. 147 (1966) 119–130; Phys. Rev. Lett. 29 (1972) 1227–1230; Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 (1973) 352–355; Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 (1975) 331–414; Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 (1981) 211–214)

Raymond Davis Jr.

United States of America

for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos

Masatoshi Koshiba

Japan

for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos

Riccardo Giacconi

United States of America

for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources

Eric A. Cornell

United States of America

for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates (Science 269, 198–201, 1995; Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 420–423, 1996; Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969–3973, 1995).

Wolfgang Ketterle

Germany

for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates (Science 269, 198–201, 1995; Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 420–423, 1996; Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969–3973, 1995).

Carl E. Wieman

United States of America

for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates (Science 269, 198–201, 1995; Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 420–423, 1996; Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969–3973, 1995).

Zhores I. Alferov

Russian Federation

for basic work on information and communication technology (for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and opto-electronics)

Herbert Kroemer

Germany

for basic work on information and communication technology (for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and opto-electronics)

Jack S. Kilby

United States of America

for basic work on information and communication technology (for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit)

Gerardus 't Hooft

Netherlands

for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics (Nucl. Phys. B7 (1968) 637-650, B33 (1971) 173-199, B35 (1971) 167-188, B44 (1972) 189-213, B50 (1972) 318-353)

Martinus J. G. Veltman

Netherlands

for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics (Nucl. Phys. B7 (1968) 637-650, B33 (1971) 173-199, B35 (1971) 167-188, B44 (1972) 189-213, B50 (1972) 318-353)

Robert B. Laughlin

United States of America

for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations

Horst L. Störmer

Germany

for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations

Daniel C. Tsui

United States of America (Taiwan, Province of China)

for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations

Steven Chu

United States of America

for the development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji

France (Algeria)

for the development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light

William D. Phillips

United States of America

for the development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light

David M. Lee

United States of America

for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 (Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 885–888 (1972); Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 920–923 (1972); Phys. Rev. A 8, 1633–1637 (1973))

Douglas D. Osheroff

United States of America

for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 (Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 885–888 (1972); Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 920–923 (1972); Phys. Rev. A 8, 1633–1637 (1973))

Robert C. Richardson

United States of America

for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 (Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 885–888 (1972); Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 920–923 (1972); Phys. Rev. A 8, 1633–1637 (1973))

Martin L. Perl

United States of America

Pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics (discovery of the tau lepton) Phys. Rev. Lett. 35 (1975) 1489–1492, Phys. Lett. B 63 (1976) 466–470

Frederick Reines

United States of America

Pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics (detection of the neutrino) Science 124 (1956) 103–104

Bertram N. Brockhouse

Canada

for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter (development of neutron spectroscopy) Phys. Rev. 111(1958) 747-754; Rev. Mod. Phys. 30(1958) 236-249 (erratum 30(1958) 1177); Phys. Rev. Lett. 2(1959) 256-258; Phys. Rev. 119(1960) 980-999

Clifford G. Shull

United States of America

for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter (development of the neutron diffraction technique) Phys. Rev. 76(1949) 1256-1257; Phys. Rev. 81(1951) 527-535; Phys. Rev. 83(1951) 333-345; Rev. Mod. Phys. 25(1953) 100-107; Phys. Rev. 97(1955) 304-310

Russell A. Hulse

United States of America

for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation (Astrophys. J. Lett. 195 (1975) L51-L53; Astrophys. J. Lett. 206 (1976) L53-L58; Astrophys. J. 253 (1982) 908-920; Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 341 (1992) 117-134; Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 1840-1868)

Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.

United States of America

for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation (Astrophys. J. Lett. 195 (1975) L51-L53; Astrophys. J. Lett. 206 (1976) L53-L58; Astrophys. J. 253 (1982) 908-920; Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 341 (1992) 117-134; Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 1840-1868)

Georges Charpak

France (Poland)

for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber

Pierre-Gilles de Gennes

France

for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers

Jerome I. Friedman

United States of America

for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics

Henry W. Kendall

United States of America

for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics

Richard E. Taylor

Canada

for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics

Norman F. Ramsey

United States of America

for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its application to the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks (Phys. Rev. 76 (1949) 996; 78 (1950) 695–703; 126 (1962) 603–615, etc.)

Hans G. Dehmelt

United States of America (German Reich)

for the development of the ion trap technique (Phys. Rev. Lett. 41 (1978) 233-236; Phys. Rev. A 22 (1980) 1137-1140, etc.)

Wolfgang Paul

West Germany

for the development of the ion trap technique (Phys. Rev. Lett. 41 (1978) 233-236; Phys. Rev. A 22 (1980) 1137-1140, etc.)

Leon M. Lederman

United States of America

for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Melvin Schwartz

United States of America

for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Jack Steinberger

United States of America (German Reich)

for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

J. Georg Bednorz

West Germany

for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials (Zeitschrift für Physik B 64 (1986) 189–193, Bednorz & Müller)

Karl Alexander Müller

Switzerland

for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials (Zeitschrift für Physik B 64 (1986) 189–193, Bednorz & Müller)

Ernst Ruska

West Germany

for his fundamental work in electron optics, particularly for the design of the first electron microscope

Gerd Binnig

West Germany

for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope

Heinrich Rohrer

Switzerland

for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope

Klaus von Klitzing

West Germany

for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect (Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 494–497, 1980; Metrologia 21, 11–19, 1985)

Carlo Rubbia

Italy

for their decisive contributions to the large project that led to the discovery of the W and Z particles, mediators of the weak interaction

Simon van der Meer

Netherlands

for their decisive contributions to the large project that led to the discovery of the W and Z particles, mediators of the weak interaction

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

United States of America (India)

for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars (Philos. Mag. 11 (1931) 592; Astrophys. J. 74 (1931) 81; Astrophys. J. 96 (1942) 161)

William Alfred Fowler

United States of America

for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe (Rev. Mod. Phys. 29 (1957) 547-650)

Kenneth G. Wilson

United States of America

for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions (Phys. Rev. B 4, 3174-3183 (1971); Phys. Rev. B 4, 3184-3205 (1971); Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 240-243 (1972); Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 548-551 (1972); Phys. Rep. 12, 75-199 (1974); Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 773-840 (1975))

Nicolaas Bloembergen

United States of America (Netherlands)

for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy (Phys. Rev. 104 (1956) 324-327, Phys. Rev. 127 (1962) 1918-1939)

Arthur Leonard Schawlow

United States of America

for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy (Phys. Rev. 104 (1956) 324-327, Phys. Rev. 127 (1962) 1918-1939)

Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn

Sweden

for the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy

James Cronin

United States of America

for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons

Val Logsdon Fitch

United States of America

for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons

Sheldon Lee Glashow

United States of America

for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, in particular the prediction of the weak neutral current

Abdus Salam

Pakistan

for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, in particular the prediction of the weak neutral current

Steven Weinberg

United States of America

for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, in particular the prediction of the weak neutral current

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

Soviet Union

for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics

Arno Allan Penzias

United States of America (German Reich)

for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation (Astrophys. J. 142 (1965) 419)

Robert Woodrow Wilson

United States of America

for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation (Astrophys. J. 142 (1965) 419)

Philip Warren Anderson

United States of America

for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems

Sir Nevill Francis Mott

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems

John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

United States of America

for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems

Burton Richter

United States of America

for their pioneering work leading to the discovery of a new, heavy elementary particle, the J/ψ meson (Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 (1974) 1404-1406, 1406-1408, 1408-1410 and related papers; early hint in Phys. Rev. Lett. 25 (1970) 1523-1526).

Samuel Chao Chung Ting

United States of America

for their pioneering work leading to the discovery of a new, heavy elementary particle, the J/ψ meson (Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 (1974) 1404-1406, 1406-1408, 1408-1410 and related papers; early hint in Phys. Rev. Lett. 25 (1970) 1523-1526).

Aage Niels Bohr

Denmark

for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection

Ben Roy Mottelson

Denmark (United States of America)

for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection

Leo James Rainwater

United States of America

for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection

Sir Martin Ryle

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his pioneering research in radio astrophysics, especially his observations and inventions related to the aperture-synthesis technique

Antony Hewish

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his pioneering research in radio astrophysics, particularly for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars

Leo Esaki

Japan

for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and in superconductors, respectively (Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 (1960) 147-148; 464-466)

Ivar Giaever

United States of America (Norway)

for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and in superconductors, respectively (Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 (1960) 147-148; 464-466)

Brian David Josephson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel junction, in particular those phenomena known as the Josephson effects (Phys. Lett. 1 (1962) 251-253; Adv. Phys. 14 (1965) 419)

John Bardeen

United States of America

for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS theory (Phys. Rev. 108, 1175-1204, 1957)

Leon Neil Cooper

United States of America

for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS theory (Phys. Rev. 108, 1175-1204, 1957)

John Robert Schrieffer

United States of America

for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS theory (Phys. Rev. 108, 1175-1204, 1957)

Dennis Gabor

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Kingdom of Hungary)

for his invention and development of the holographic method (Nature 161 (1948) 777–779, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 197 (1949) 454, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 64 (1951) 449)

Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén

Sweden

for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics

Louis Eugène Félix Néel

France

for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics

Murray Gell-Mann

United States of America

for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions (Phys. Rev. 92 (1953) 833-834, Phys. Rev. 125 (1962) 1067-1084, Phys. Lett. 8 (1964) 214-215)

Luis Walter Alvarez

United States of America

for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis

Hans Albrecht Bethe

United States of America

for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars

Alfred Kastler

France

for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms

Shin-ichiro Tomonaga

Japan

for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles

Julian Schwinger

United States of America

for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles

Richard P. Feynman

United States of America

for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles

Charles Hard Townes

United States of America

for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle

Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov

Soviet Union

for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov

Soviet Union

for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle

Eugene Paul Wigner

United States of America (Kingdom of Hungary)

for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles

Maria Goeppert-Mayer

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure

J. Hans D. Jensen

West Germany

for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure

Lev Davidovich Landau

Soviet Union

for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium

Robert Hofstadter

United States of America

for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and the resulting discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons (Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 (1960) 263–265; Phys. Rev. Lett. 6 (1961) 293–296)

Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer

West Germany

for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name (the Mössbauer effect)

Donald Arthur Glaser

United States of America

for the invention of the bubble chamber, Phys. Rev. 87 (1952) 665-665

Emilio Gino Segrè

United States of America

for the discovery of the antiproton (Phys. Rev. 100 (1955) 947-950)

Owen Chamberlain

United States of America

for the discovery of the antiproton (Phys. Rev. 100 (1955) 947-950)

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov

Soviet Union

for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect (C.R. Acad. Sci. USSR: 2 (1934) 451; 14 (1937) 107)

Ilya Mikhailovich Frank

Soviet Union

for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect (C.R. Acad. Sci. USSR: 2 (1934) 451; 14 (1937) 107)

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm

Soviet Union

for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect (C.R. Acad. Sci. USSR: 2 (1934) 451; 14 (1937) 107)

Chen Ning Yang

United States of America (Taiwan, Province of China)

for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws, which led to important discoveries regarding elementary particles (Phys. Rev. 104 (1956) 254-258; Phys. Rev. 106 (1957) 340-345; Phys. Rev. 105 (1957) 1413-1417)

Tsung-Dao Lee

United States of America (Taiwan, Province of China)

for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws, which led to important discoveries regarding elementary particles (Phys. Rev. 104 (1956) 254-258; Phys. Rev. 106 (1957) 340-345; Phys. Rev. 105 (1957) 1413-1417)

William Bradford Shockley

United States of America

for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect

John Bardeen

United States of America

for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect

Walter Houser Brattain

United States of America

for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect

Willis Eugene Lamb

United States of America

for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum

Polykarp Kusch

United States of America

for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron

Max Born

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction

Walther Bothe

West Germany

for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith

Frits (Frederik) Zernike

Netherlands

for his demonstration of the phase-contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope

Felix Bloch

Switzerland

for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith

Edward Mills Purcell

United States of America

for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith

Sir John Douglas Cockcroft

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles

Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton

Ireland

for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles

Cecil Frank Powell

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method

Hideki Yukawa

Japan

for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces (Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. Jap. 17, 48 (1935))

Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation

Sir Edward Victor Appleton

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere, especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer

Percy Williams Bridgman

United States of America

for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics

Wolfgang Pauli

United States of America (Austro-Hungarian Empire)

for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle (original paper: Zeitschrift für Physik 31 (1925) 765-783)

Isidor Isaac Rabi

United States of America (Austro-Hungarian Empire)

for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei

Otto Stern

United States of America

for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton

Ernest Orlando Lawrence

United States of America

for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for the results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements

Enrico Fermi

Kingdom of Italy

for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow (thermal) neutrons

Clinton Joseph Davisson

United States of America

for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals

George Paget Thomson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals

Victor Franz Hess

Austria

for the discovery of cosmic rays (Phys. Z.:13(1912) 1084-1091)

Carl David Anderson

United States of America

for the discovery of the positron (Phys. Rev.:43(1933) 491-498; Phys. Rev.:44(1933) 406-423)

James Chadwick

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of the neutron (Nature 129 (1932) 312)

Erwin Schrödinger

Austria

for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory. Key papers: E. Schrödinger, Phys. Rev. 28 (1926) 1049-1070; P. A. M. Dirac, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 117 (1928) 610-624; 118 (1928) 351-361; 133 (1931) 60-72

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory. Key papers: E. Schrödinger, Phys. Rev. 28 (1926) 1049-1070; P. A. M. Dirac, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 117 (1928) 610-624; 118 (1928) 351-361; 133 (1931) 60-72

Werner Karl Heisenberg

German Reich

for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

British Indian Empire

for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect named after him

Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie

France

for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons

Owen Willans Richardson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him (Richardson’s law)

Arthur Holly Compton

United States of America

for his discovery of the Compton effect, named after him

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his invention of the cloud chamber, a method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour

Jean Baptiste Perrin

France

for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium (Ann. de Chim. et de Phys., 8th series, 18 (1909) 5-114)

James Franck

German Reich

for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom

Gustav Ludwig Hertz

German Reich

for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom

Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn

Sweden

for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy

Robert Andrews Millikan

United States of America

for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect (e.g., Phys. Mag. XIX:6 (1910) 209; Phys. Rev. 2 (1913) 109-143)

Niels Henrik David Bohr

Denmark

for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them

Albert Einstein

Switzerland

for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect

Charles Edouard Guillaume

Switzerland

for the discovery of the Invar alloy and its subsequent development of precision measurement

Johannes Stark

German Reich

for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck

German Empire

for the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta (Annalen der Physik 1 (1900) 719; 4 (1901) 553)

Charles Glover Barkla

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his discovery of the characteristic X-ray radiation of the elements

Sir William Henry Bragg

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

William Lawrence Bragg

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

Max von Laue

German Empire

for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

Netherlands

for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium

Nils Gustaf Dalén

Sweden

for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys

Wilhelm Wien

German Empire

for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat

Johannes Diderik van der Waals

Netherlands

for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids

Guglielmo Marconi

Kingdom of Italy

for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy

Karl Ferdinand Braun

German Empire

for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy

Gabriel Lippmann

France

for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference (Lippmann colour photography)

Albert Abraham Michelson

United States of America

for his optical precision instruments—especially the Michelson interferometer—and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid

Joseph John Thomson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases

Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard

German Empire (Kingdom of Hungary)

for his work on cathode rays

Lord Rayleigh(John William Strutt)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies

Antoine Henri Becquerel

France

for the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity

Pierre Curie

France

for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel

Marie Curie, née Sklodowska

France (Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland))

for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz

Netherlands

for their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena

Pieter Zeeman

Netherlands

for their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

German Empire

for the discovery of the remarkable radiation later named X-rays (Nature 53 (1896) 274–276)