Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Development of computational methods for protein design

David Baker

United States of America

for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots

Moungi Bawendi

Tunisia, France, United States of America

Louis E. Brus

United States of America

Alexey Ekimov

Russian Federation

for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry

Carolyn R. Bertozzi

United States of America

Morten P. Meldal

Denmark

Karl Barry Sharpless

United States of America

for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis

Benjamin List

Germany

David MacMillan

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for the development of a method for genome editing (CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors)

Emmanuelle Charpentier

France

Jennifer Doudna

United States of America

for the development of lithium-ion batteries

John B. Goodenough

United States of America

M. Stanley Whittingham

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

Akira Yoshino

Japan

for the directed evolution of enzymes

Frances Arnold

United States of America

for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

Jacques Dubochet

Switzerland

Joachim Frank

Germany, United States of America

Richard Henderson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the design and synthesis of molecular machines

Jean-Pierre Sauvage

France

Fraser Stoddart

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

Ben Feringa

Netherlands

for mechanistic studies of DNA repair

Tomas Lindahl

Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Paul L. Modrich

United States of America

Aziz Sancar

United States of America, Turkey

for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

Eric Betzig

United States of America

Stefan Hell

Germany, Romania

William E. Moerner

United States of America

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

Martin Karplus

United States of America, Austria

Michael Levitt

United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Israel

Arieh Warshel

United States of America, Israel

for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Robert Joseph Lefkowitz

United States of America

Brian Kent Kobilka

United States of America

for the discovery of quasicrystals

Dan Shechtman

Israel, United States of America

for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis

Richard Fred Heck

United States of America

Ei-ichi Negishi

Japan

Akira Suzuki

Japan

for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

United States of America, India, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Thomas Arthur Steitz

United States of America

Ada E. Yonath

Israel

for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Osamu Shimomura

Japan

Martin Lee Chalfie

United States of America

Roger Yonchien Tsien

United States of America

for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces

Gerhard Ertl

Germany

for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription

Roger David Kornberg

United States of America

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Yves Chauvin

France

Robert Howard Grubbs

United States of America

Richard Royce Schrock

United States of America

for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Aaron Ciechanover

Israel

Avram Hershko

Israel

Irwin Rose

United States of America

Discovery of channels in cell membranes (identification of aquaporins)

Peter Agre

United States of America

Development of methods for identification and structural analysis of biological macromolecules (development of soft desorption ionisation techniques for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules)

John Bennett Fenn

United States of America

Koichi Tanaka

Japan

for research on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions

William Standish Knowles

United States of America

Ryoji Noyori

Japan

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

Alan Jay Heeger

United States of America

Alan Graham MacDiarmid

United States of America, New Zealand

Hideki Shirakawa

Japan

for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy

Ahmed Hassan Zewail

United States of America, Egypt

for the development of density-functional theory

Walter Kohn

United States of America

for the elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Paul Delos Boyer

United States of America

John Ernest Walker

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of fullerenes (C60)

Robert Floyd Curl Jr.

United States of America

Harold Walter Kroto

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Richard Errett Smalley

United States of America

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

Paul Jozef Crutzen

Netherlands

Mario Jose Molina

United States of America

Frank Sherwood Rowland

United States of America

for his contribution to carbocation chemistry

George Andrew Olah

United States of America, Hungary

for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, a major contribution to DNA-based chemistry

Kary Banks Mullis

United States of America

for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems

Rudolph Arthur Marcus

United States of America, Canada

for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Richard Robert Ernst

Switzerland

for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis

Elias James Corey

United States of America

for the discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA

Sidney Altman

Canada, United States of America

Thomas Robert Cech

United States of America

for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

Johann Deisenhofer

West Germany

Robert Huber

West Germany

Hartmut Michel

West Germany

for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific and highly selective interactions (crown compounds)

Donald James Cram

United States of America

Jean-Marie Lehn

France

Charles John Pedersen

United States of America

for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes

Dudley Robert Herschbach

United States of America

Yuan Tseh Lee

United States of America, Taiwan, Province of China

John Charles Polanyi

Canada, Hungary

for the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

Herbert Aaron Hauptman

United States of America

Jerome Karle

United States of America

for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix

Robert Bruce Merrifield

United States of America

for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes

Henry Taube

United States of America

for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes

Aaron Klug

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions

Kenichi Fukui

Japan

Roald Hoffmann

United States of America, Poland

for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA

Paul Berg

United States of America

for the development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds into important reagents in organic synthesis (development of new methods in organic synthesis)

for his research on energy conversion in biological membranes

for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures

Ilya Prigogine

Belgium

for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding

William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr.

United States of America

for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

John Warcup Cornforth

Australia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules

Paul John Flory

United States of America

for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of organometallic, so-called sandwich compounds

Ernst Otto Fischer

West Germany

Geoffrey Wilkinson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Determination of the amino acid sequence of the ribonuclease molecule

Christian Boehmer Anfinsen

United States of America

for his contributions to the knowledge of the electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals

Gerhard Herzberg

Canada, West Germany

for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates

Luis Federico Leloir

Argentina

for the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry

Derek Harold Richard Barton

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Odd Hassel

Norway

for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes

Lars Onsager

United States of America, Norway

for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy

Manfred Eigen

West Germany

Ronald George Wreyford Norrish

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

George Porter

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method

Robert Sanderson Mulliken

United States of America

for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis

Robert Burns Woodward

United States of America

for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances

for the discovery and fundamental studies of polymerization processes using novel catalysts

Karl Ziegler

West Germany

Giulio Natta

Italy

for their studies of the structures of globular proteins

Max Ferdinand Perutz

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

John Cowdery Kendrew

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants

Melvin Calvin

United States of America

for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science

for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis

Jaroslav Heyrovský

Czechoslovakia

for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin

Frederick Sanger

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes

VLord (Alexander Robertus) Todd

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their researches on the kinetics of gas-phase chemical reactions, in particular chain reactions

Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov

Soviet Union

for elucidating the structure and achieving the total synthesis of biologically important sulfur-containing compounds, especially the peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin

Vincent du Vigneaud

United States of America

for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances

Linus Carl Pauling

United States of America

for his research on chain-like macromolecular compounds

Hermann Staudinger

West Germany

for the invention and application of partition chromatography

Archer John Porter Martin

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Richard Laurence Millington Synge

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements

Edwin Mattison McMillan

United States of America

Glenn Theodore Seaborg

United States of America

for the discovery and development of the Diels–Alder reaction (the diene synthesis)

Otto Paul Hermann Diels

West Germany

Kurt Alder

West Germany

for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures

for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of serum proteins

Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius

Sweden

for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids

Sir Robert Robinson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery that enzymes can be crystallized

James Batcheller Sumner

United States of America

for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method

Artturi Ilmari Virtanen

Finland

for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei

Otto Hahn

Greater German Reich

for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes

George de Hevesy

Kingdom of Hungary

for his work on sex hormones

Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt

Greater German Reich

for his work on carotenoids and vitamins

Richard Kuhn

Greater German Reich

for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C

Walter Norman Haworth

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases

Peter Joseph William Debye

Netherlands

Discovery of artificial radioactive elements

Frédéric Joliot-Curie

France

Irène Joliot-Curie

France

for the discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium)

Harold Clayton Urey

United States of America

for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry

Irving Langmuir

United States of America

for the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

Carl Bosch

German Reich

Friedrich Bergius

German Reich

for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin

Hans Fischer

German Reich

for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes

Arthur Harden

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin

Sweden, German Reich

for his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins (especially vitamin D)

Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus

German Reich

for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances

Heinrich Otto Wieland

German Reich

for his work on disperse systems

Theodor Svedberg

Sweden

for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy

German Reich, Kingdom of Hungary

for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances

Fritz Pregl

Austria

for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule

Francis William Aston

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his contributions to the chemistry of radioactive substances and to the understanding of the origin and nature of isotopes

Frederick Soddy

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work in thermochemistry

Walther Hermann Nernst

German Reich

for the development of the ammonia synthesis method (Haber-Bosch process)

Fritz Haber

German Empire

for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll

Richard Martin Willstätter

German Empire

for his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements

Theodore William Richards

United States of America

for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules, through which he opened up new fields of research, especially in inorganic chemistry

Alfred Werner

Switzerland

for the discovery of the Grignard reagent

François Auguste Victor Grignard

France

for the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element

Marie Skłodowska-Curie

Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), France

for his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds

Otto Wallach

German Empire

in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction

Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald

German Empire

for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances

Ernest Rutherford

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, New Zealand

for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation

Eduard Buchner

German Empire

for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine and the development of the electric furnace that bears his name

Henri Moissan

France

for his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer

German Empire

for the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air and the determination of their place in the periodic system

Sir William Ramsay

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his electrolytic theory of dissociation

Svante August Arrhenius

Sweden

for his work on the synthesis of sugars and purine derivatives

Hermann Emil Fischer

German Empire

for the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

Netherlands