Nobel Prize in Chemistry

David Baker

United States of America

Development of computational methods for protein design

Demis Hassabis

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Development of programs for protein structure prediction

John M. Jumper

United States of America

Development of programs for protein structure prediction

Moungi Bawendi

Tunisia, France, United States of America

for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots

Louis E. Brus

United States of America

for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots

Alexey Ekimov

Russian Federation

for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots

Carolyn R. Bertozzi

United States of America

for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry

Morten P. Meldal

Denmark

for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry

Karl Barry Sharpless

United States of America

for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry

Benjamin List

Germany

for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis

David MacMillan

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis

Emmanuelle Charpentier

France

for the development of a method for genome editing (CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors)

Jennifer Doudna

United States of America

for the development of a method for genome editing (CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors)

John B. Goodenough

United States of America

for the development of lithium-ion batteries

M. Stanley Whittingham

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for the development of lithium-ion batteries

Akira Yoshino

Japan

for the development of lithium-ion batteries

Frances Arnold

United States of America

for the directed evolution of enzymes

Greg Winter

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the phage display of peptides and antibodies

George Smith

United States of America

for the phage display of peptides and antibodies

Jacques Dubochet

Switzerland

for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

Joachim Frank

Germany, United States of America

for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

Richard Henderson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

Jean-Pierre Sauvage

France

for the design and synthesis of molecular machines

Fraser Stoddart

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for the design and synthesis of molecular machines

Ben Feringa

Netherlands

for the design and synthesis of molecular machines

Tomas Lindahl

Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for mechanistic studies of DNA repair

Paul L. Modrich

United States of America

for mechanistic studies of DNA repair

Aziz Sancar

United States of America, Turkey

for mechanistic studies of DNA repair

Eric Betzig

United States of America

for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

Stefan Hell

Germany, Romania

for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

William E. Moerner

United States of America

for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

Martin Karplus

United States of America, Austria

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

Michael Levitt

United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Israel

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

Arieh Warshel

United States of America, Israel

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

Robert Joseph Lefkowitz

United States of America

for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Brian Kent Kobilka

United States of America

for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Dan Shechtman

Israel, United States of America

for the discovery of quasicrystals

Richard Fred Heck

United States of America

for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis

Ei-ichi Negishi

Japan

for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis

Akira Suzuki

Japan

for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

United States of America, India, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

Thomas Arthur Steitz

United States of America

for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

Ada E. Yonath

Israel

for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

Osamu Shimomura

Japan

for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Martin Lee Chalfie

United States of America

for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Roger Yonchien Tsien

United States of America

for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Gerhard Ertl

Germany

for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces

Roger David Kornberg

United States of America

for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription

Yves Chauvin

France

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Robert Howard Grubbs

United States of America

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Richard Royce Schrock

United States of America

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Aaron Ciechanover

Israel

for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Avram Hershko

Israel

for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Irwin Rose

United States of America

for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Peter Agre

United States of America

Discovery of channels in cell membranes (identification of aquaporins)

Roderick MacKinnon

United States of America

Discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes (structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels)

John Bennett Fenn

United States of America

Development of methods for identification and structural analysis of biological macromolecules (development of soft desorption ionisation techniques for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules)

Koichi Tanaka

Japan

Development of methods for identification and structural analysis of biological macromolecules (development of soft desorption ionisation techniques for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules)

Kurt Wüthrich

Switzerland

Development of methods for identification and structural analysis of biological macromolecules (development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution)

William Standish Knowles

United States of America

for research on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions

Ryoji Noyori

Japan

for research on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions

Karl Barry Sharpless

United States of America

for research on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions

Alan Jay Heeger

United States of America

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

Alan Graham MacDiarmid

United States of America, New Zealand

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

Hideki Shirakawa

Japan

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

Ahmed Hassan Zewail

United States of America, Egypt

for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy

Walter Kohn

United States of America

for the development of density-functional theory

John Anthony Pople

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the development of computational methods in quantum chemistry

Paul Delos Boyer

United States of America

for the elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

John Ernest Walker

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Jens Christian Skou

Denmark

for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase

Robert Floyd Curl Jr.

United States of America

for the discovery of fullerenes (C60)

Harold Walter Kroto

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of fullerenes (C60)

Richard Errett Smalley

United States of America

for the discovery of fullerenes (C60)

Paul Jozef Crutzen

Netherlands

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

Mario Jose Molina

United States of America

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

Frank Sherwood Rowland

United States of America

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

George Andrew Olah

United States of America, Hungary

for his contribution to carbocation chemistry

Kary Banks Mullis

United States of America

for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, a major contribution to DNA-based chemistry

Michael Smith

Canada

for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies

Rudolph Arthur Marcus

United States of America, Canada

for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems

Richard Robert Ernst

Switzerland

for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Elias James Corey

United States of America

for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis

Sidney Altman

Canada, United States of America

for the discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA

Thomas Robert Cech

United States of America

for the discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA

Johann Deisenhofer

West Germany

for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

Robert Huber

West Germany

for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

Hartmut Michel

West Germany

for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

Donald James Cram

United States of America

for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific and highly selective interactions (crown compounds)

Jean-Marie Lehn

France

for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific and highly selective interactions (crown compounds)

Charles John Pedersen

United States of America

for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific and highly selective interactions (crown compounds)

Dudley Robert Herschbach

United States of America

for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes

Yuan Tseh Lee

United States of America, Taiwan, Province of China

for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes

John Charles Polanyi

Canada, Hungary

for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes

Herbert Aaron Hauptman

United States of America

for the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

Jerome Karle

United States of America

for the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

Robert Bruce Merrifield

United States of America

for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix

Henry Taube

United States of America

for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes

Aaron Klug

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes

Kenichi Fukui

Japan

for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions

Roald Hoffmann

United States of America, Poland

for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions

Paul Berg

United States of America

for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA

Walter Gilbert

United States of America

for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids

Frederick Sanger

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids

Herbert Charles Brown

United States of America

for the development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds into important reagents in organic synthesis (development of new methods in organic synthesis)

Georg Wittig

West Germany

for the development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds into important reagents in organic synthesis (development of new methods in organic synthesis)

Peter Dennis Mitchell

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his research on energy conversion in biological membranes

Ilya Prigogine

Belgium

for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures

William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr.

United States of America

for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding

John Warcup Cornforth

Australia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Vladimir Prelog

Switzerland

for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions

Paul John Flory

United States of America

for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules

Ernst Otto Fischer

West Germany

for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of organometallic, so-called sandwich compounds

Geoffrey Wilkinson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of organometallic, so-called sandwich compounds

Christian Boehmer Anfinsen

United States of America

Determination of the amino acid sequence of the ribonuclease molecule

Stanford Moore

United States of America

Studies on the structure of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule

William Howard Stein

United States of America

Studies on the structure of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule

Gerhard Herzberg

Canada, West Germany

for his contributions to the knowledge of the electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals

Luis Federico Leloir

Argentina

for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates

Derek Harold Richard Barton

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry

Odd Hassel

Norway

for the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry

Lars Onsager

United States of America, Norway

for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes

Manfred Eigen

West Germany

for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy

Ronald George Wreyford Norrish

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy

George Porter

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy

Robert Sanderson Mulliken

United States of America

for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method

Robert Burns Woodward

United States of America

for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances

Karl Ziegler

West Germany

for the discovery and fundamental studies of polymerization processes using novel catalysts

Giulio Natta

Italy

for the discovery and fundamental studies of polymerization processes using novel catalysts

Max Ferdinand Perutz

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their studies of the structures of globular proteins

John Cowdery Kendrew

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their studies of the structures of globular proteins

Melvin Calvin

United States of America

for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants

Willard Frank Libby

United States of America

for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science

Jaroslav Heyrovský

Czechoslovakia

for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis

Frederick Sanger

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin

VLord (Alexander Robertus) Todd

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes

Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their researches on the kinetics of gas-phase chemical reactions, in particular chain reactions

Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov

Soviet Union

for their researches on the kinetics of gas-phase chemical reactions, in particular chain reactions

Vincent du Vigneaud

United States of America

for elucidating the structure and achieving the total synthesis of biologically important sulfur-containing compounds, especially the peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin

Linus Carl Pauling

United States of America

for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances

Hermann Staudinger

West Germany

for his research on chain-like macromolecular compounds

Archer John Porter Martin

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the invention and application of partition chromatography

Richard Laurence Millington Synge

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the invention and application of partition chromatography

Edwin Mattison McMillan

United States of America

for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements

Glenn Theodore Seaborg

United States of America

for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements

Otto Paul Hermann Diels

West Germany

for the discovery and development of the Diels–Alder reaction (the diene synthesis)

Kurt Alder

West Germany

for the discovery and development of the Diels–Alder reaction (the diene synthesis)

William Francis Giauque

United States of America

for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures

Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius

Sweden

for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of serum proteins

Sir Robert Robinson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids

James Batcheller Sumner

United States of America

for the discovery that enzymes can be crystallized

John Howard Northrop

United States of America

for the crystallization of enzymes and virus proteins

Wendell Meredith Stanley

United States of America

for the crystallization of enzymes and virus proteins

Artturi Ilmari Virtanen

Finland

for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method

Otto Hahn

Greater German Reich

for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei

George de Hevesy

Kingdom of Hungary

for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes

Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt

Greater German Reich

for his work on sex hormones

Leopold Ružička

Switzerland

for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes

Richard Kuhn

Greater German Reich

for his work on carotenoids and vitamins

Walter Norman Haworth

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C

Paul Karrer

Switzerland

for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2

Peter Joseph William Debye

Netherlands

for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases

Frédéric Joliot-Curie

France

Discovery of artificial radioactive elements

Irène Joliot-Curie

France

Discovery of artificial radioactive elements

Harold Clayton Urey

United States of America

for the discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium)

Irving Langmuir

United States of America

for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry

Carl Bosch

German Reich

for the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

Friedrich Bergius

German Reich

for the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

Hans Fischer

German Reich

for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin

Arthur Harden

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes

Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin

Sweden, German Reich

for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes

Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus

German Reich

for his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins (especially vitamin D)

Heinrich Otto Wieland

German Reich

for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances

Theodor Svedberg

Sweden

for his work on disperse systems

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy

German Reich, Kingdom of Hungary

for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry

Fritz Pregl

Austria

for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances

Francis William Aston

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule

Frederick Soddy

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his contributions to the chemistry of radioactive substances and to the understanding of the origin and nature of isotopes

Walther Hermann Nernst

German Reich

for his work in thermochemistry

Fritz Haber

German Empire

for the development of the ammonia synthesis method (Haber-Bosch process)

Richard Martin Willstätter

German Empire

for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll

Theodore William Richards

United States of America

for his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements

Alfred Werner

Switzerland

for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules, through which he opened up new fields of research, especially in inorganic chemistry

François Auguste Victor Grignard

France

for the discovery of the Grignard reagent

Paul Sabatier

France

for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely divided metals

Marie Skłodowska-Curie

Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), France

for the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element

Otto Wallach

German Empire

for his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds

Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald

German Empire

in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction

Ernest Rutherford

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, New Zealand

for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances

Eduard Buchner

German Empire

for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation

Henri Moissan

France

for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine and the development of the electric furnace that bears his name

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer

German Empire

for his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds

Sir William Ramsay

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air and the determination of their place in the periodic system

Svante August Arrhenius

Sweden

for his electrolytic theory of dissociation

Hermann Emil Fischer

German Empire

for his work on the synthesis of sugars and purine derivatives

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

Netherlands

for the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions