United States of America

John Hopfield

United States of America

for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks

David Baker

United States of America

Development of computational methods for protein design

John M. Jumper

United States of America

Development of programs for protein structure prediction

Victor Ambros

United States of America

for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation

Gary Ruvkun

United States of America

for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation

Daron Acemoglu

Turkey, United States of America

for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity

Simon Johnson

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity

Pierre Agostini

United States of America (France)

for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter

Moungi Bawendi

Tunisia, France, United States of America

for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots

Louis E. Brus

United States of America

for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots

Katalin Karikó

Hungary, United States of America

for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19

Drew Weissman

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19

Claudia Goldin

United States of America

for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes

John F. Clauser

United States of America

for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science

Carolyn R. Bertozzi

United States of America

for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry

Karl Barry Sharpless

United States of America

for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry

Ben Bernanke

United States of America

for research on banks and financial crises

Douglas Diamond

United States of America

for research on banks and financial crises

Philip Dybvig

United States of America

for research on banks and financial crises

Syukuro Manabe

United States of America (Japan)

for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming

David MacMillan

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis

David Julius

United States of America

for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch

Ardem Patapoutian

United States of America (Lebanon)

for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch

David Card

Canada, United States of America

for his empirical contributions to labour economics

Joshua Angrist

United States of America, Israel

for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships

Guido Imbens

Netherlands, United States of America

for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships

Andrea M. Ghez

United States of America

for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy

Jennifer Doudna

United States of America

for the development of a method for genome editing (CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors)

Harvey J. Alter

United States of America

for the discovery of the Hepatitis C virus

Charles M. Rice

United States of America

for the discovery of the Hepatitis C virus

Louise Glück

United States of America

for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal

Paul Milgrom

United States of America

for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats

Robert B. Wilson

United States of America

for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats

Jim Peebles

United States of America (Canada)

for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology

John B. Goodenough

United States of America

for the development of lithium-ion batteries

M. Stanley Whittingham

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for the development of lithium-ion batteries

William Kaelin Jr.

United States of America

for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability

Gregg L. Semenza

United States of America

for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability

Abhijit Banerjee

United States of America (India)

for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty

Michael Kremer

United States of America

for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty

Arthur Ashkin

United States of America

for the development of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems

Frances Arnold

United States of America

for the directed evolution of enzymes

George Smith

United States of America

for the phage display of peptides and antibodies

James P. Allison

United States of America

for the discovery of immune-checkpoint inhibitors and their application to cancer therapy

William Nordhaus

United States of America

for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis

Paul Romer

United States of America

for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis

Rainer Weiss

United States of America (Germany)

for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves

Barry Barish

United States of America

for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves

Kip Thorne

United States of America

for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves

Joachim Frank

Germany, United States of America

for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

Jeffrey C. Hall

United States of America

for the discovery of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm

Michael Rosbash

United States of America

for the discovery of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm

Michael W. Young

United States of America

for the discovery of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm

Richard Thaler

United States of America

for his contributions to behavioural economics

David J. Thouless

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter

Michael Kosterlitz

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter

Fraser Stoddart

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for the design and synthesis of molecular machines

Bob Dylan

United States of America

for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition

Oliver Hart

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for their contributions to contract theory

Paul L. Modrich

United States of America

for mechanistic studies of DNA repair

Aziz Sancar

United States of America, Turkey

for mechanistic studies of DNA repair

William C. Campbell

Ireland, United States of America

for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites

Angus Deaton

United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare

Shuji Nakamura

United States of America (Japan)

for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which have enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources

Eric Betzig

United States of America

for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

William E. Moerner

United States of America

for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

John O'Keefe

United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for the discovery of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain

Martin Karplus

United States of America, Austria

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

Michael Levitt

United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Israel

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

Arieh Warshel

United States of America, Israel

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

Randy Schekman

United States of America

for the discoveries of the machinery that regulates vesicle traffic, the system that transports proteins to their correct destinations inside cells

James Rothman

United States of America

for the discoveries of the machinery that regulates vesicle traffic, the system that transports proteins to their correct destinations inside cells

Thomas C. Südhof

United States of America (Germany)

for the discoveries of the machinery that regulates vesicle traffic, the system that transports proteins to their correct destinations inside cells

Eugene Fama

United States of America

for their empirical analysis of asset prices

Lars Peter Hansen

United States of America

for their empirical analysis of asset prices

Robert Shiller

United States of America

for their empirical analysis of asset prices

David J. Wineland

United States of America

for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems

Robert Joseph Lefkowitz

United States of America

for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Brian Kent Kobilka

United States of America

for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Alvin Roth

United States of America

for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design

Lloyd Shapley

United States of America

for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design

Saul Perlmutter

United States of America

for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae (Astrophys. J.: 517 (1999) 565-586; Astrophys. J.: 507 (1998) 46-63; Astron. J.: 116 (1998) 1009-1038)

Brian Schmidt

Australia, United States of America

for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae (Astrophys. J.: 517 (1999) 565-586; Astrophys. J.: 507 (1998) 46-63; Astron. J.: 116 (1998) 1009-1038)

Adam Riess

United States of America

for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae (Astrophys. J.: 517 (1999) 565-586; Astrophys. J.: 507 (1998) 46-63; Astron. J.: 116 (1998) 1009-1038)

Dan Shechtman

Israel, United States of America

for the discovery of quasicrystals

Bruce Beutler

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity

Thomas Sargent

United States of America

for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy

Christopher Sims

United States of America

for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy

Richard Fred Heck

United States of America

for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis

Peter Diamond

United States of America

for their analysis of markets with search frictions

Dale Mortensen

United States of America

for their analysis of markets with search frictions

Charles K. Kao

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America (Taiwan, Province of China)

for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication

Willard Boyle

United States of America, Canada

for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor

George E. Smith

United States of America

for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

United States of America, India, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

Thomas Arthur Steitz

United States of America

for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

Elizabeth H. Blackburn

United States of America, Australia

for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase

Carol W. Greider

United States of America

for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase

Jack W. Szostak

United States of America (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase

Barack Obama

United States of America

for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples, and for giving people around the world hope for a better future

Elinor Ostrom

United States of America

for their analysis of economic governance, especially the commons and the boundaries of the firm

Oliver Williamson

United States of America

for their analysis of economic governance, especially the commons and the boundaries of the firm

Yoichiro Nambu

United States of America (Japan)

for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics (Phys. Rev. 117 (1960) 648; Phys. Rev. 122 (1961) 345-358; Phys. Rev. 124 (1961) 246-254)

Martin Lee Chalfie

United States of America

for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Roger Yonchien Tsien

United States of America

for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Paul Krugman

United States of America

for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity

Mario Capecchi

United States of America

for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

Oliver Smithies

United States of America

for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

Al Gore

United States of America

for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change

Leonid Hurwicz

United States of America, Poland

for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

Eric Maskin

United States of America

for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

Roger Myerson

United States of America

for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

John C. Mather

United States of America

for the discovery of the black-body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation (Astrophys. J. 420 (1994) 439-444; Astrophys. J. 464 (1996) L1-L4)

George F. Smoot

United States of America

for the discovery of the black-body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation (Astrophys. J. 420 (1994) 439-444; Astrophys. J. 464 (1996) L1-L4)

Roger David Kornberg

United States of America

for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription

Andrew Fire

United States of America

for the discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

Craig Mello

United States of America

for the discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

Edmund Phelps

United States of America

for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy

Roy J. Glauber

United States of America

For his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence. In a series of papers, including Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 (1963) 84-86, Phys. Rev. 130 (1963) 2529-2539, and Phys. Rev. 131 (1963) 2766-2788, he created a consistent framework that treats light as both particles and waves.

John L. Hall

United States of America

For their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique. Through papers such as Science 288 (2000) 635-639, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72 (2001) 3749-3771, and Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 270801, they connected optical frequencies across the visible and infrared ranges to absolute references.

Robert Howard Grubbs

United States of America

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Richard Royce Schrock

United States of America

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Robert Aumann

United States of America, Israel

for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis

Thomas Schelling

United States of America

for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis

David J. Gross

United States of America

for the theoretical discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction, as reported in a series of papers (Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1343–1346; Phys. Rev. D 8 (1973) 3633–3652; Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 980–993; Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1346–1349; Phys. Rep. 14 (1974) 129–180).

H. David Politzer

United States of America

for the theoretical discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction, as reported in a series of papers (Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1343–1346; Phys. Rev. D 8 (1973) 3633–3652; Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 980–993; Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1346–1349; Phys. Rep. 14 (1974) 129–180).

Frank Wilczek

United States of America

for the theoretical discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction, as reported in a series of papers (Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1343–1346; Phys. Rev. D 8 (1973) 3633–3652; Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 980–993; Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1346–1349; Phys. Rep. 14 (1974) 129–180).

Irwin Rose

United States of America

for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Richard Axel

United States of America

for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

Linda B. Buck

United States of America

for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

Edward Prescott

United States of America

for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles

Alexei A. Abrikosov

United States of America, Russian Federation

for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids (Sov. Phys. JETP 5 (1957) 1174–1182; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32 (1957) 1442–1452; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20 (1950) 1064–1082; Phys. Rev. 140 (1965) A1869–A1888; Phys. Rev. 147 (1966) 119–130; Phys. Rev. Lett. 29 (1972) 1227–1230; Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 (1973) 352–355; Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 (1975) 331–414; Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 (1981) 211–214)

Anthony J. Leggett

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids (Sov. Phys. JETP 5 (1957) 1174–1182; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32 (1957) 1442–1452; Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20 (1950) 1064–1082; Phys. Rev. 140 (1965) A1869–A1888; Phys. Rev. 147 (1966) 119–130; Phys. Rev. Lett. 29 (1972) 1227–1230; Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 (1973) 352–355; Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 (1975) 331–414; Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 (1981) 211–214)

Peter Agre

United States of America

Discovery of channels in cell membranes (identification of aquaporins)

Roderick MacKinnon

United States of America

Discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes (structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels)

Paul Lauterbur

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging

Robert F. Engle

United States of America

for the development of statistical methods to analyze economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH) and common trends (cointegration)

Raymond Davis Jr.

United States of America

for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos

Riccardo Giacconi

United States of America

for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources

John Bennett Fenn

United States of America

Development of methods for identification and structural analysis of biological macromolecules (development of soft desorption ionisation techniques for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules)

H. Robert Horvitz

United States of America

for the discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death

Jimmy Carter

United States of America

for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development

Daniel Kahneman

United States of America, Israel

for pioneering contributions to behavioural economics and experimental economics by integrating psychological insights into economic science and by establishing laboratory experiments as a fundamental tool for studying market mechanisms

Vernon Smith

United States of America

for pioneering contributions to behavioural economics and experimental economics by integrating psychological insights into economic science and by establishing laboratory experiments as a fundamental tool for studying market mechanisms

Eric A. Cornell

United States of America

for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates (Science 269, 198–201, 1995; Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 420–423, 1996; Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969–3973, 1995).

Carl E. Wieman

United States of America

for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates (Science 269, 198–201, 1995; Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 420–423, 1996; Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969–3973, 1995).

William Standish Knowles

United States of America

for research on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions

Karl Barry Sharpless

United States of America

for research on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions

Leland H. Hartwell

United States of America

for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle

George Akerlof

United States of America

for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information

Michael Spence

United States of America

for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information

Joseph E. Stiglitz

United States of America

for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information

Jack S. Kilby

United States of America

for basic work on information and communication technology (for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit)

Alan Jay Heeger

United States of America

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

Alan Graham MacDiarmid

United States of America, New Zealand

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

Paul Greengard

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system

Eric R. Kandel

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system

James Heckman

United States of America

for the development of theoretical frameworks and statistical methods that enable the micro-econometric analysis of individual and household consumption behaviour

Daniel McFadden

United States of America

for the development of theoretical frameworks and statistical methods that enable the micro-econometric analysis of individual and household consumption behaviour

Ahmed Hassan Zewail

United States of America, Egypt

for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy

Günter Blobel

United States of America

for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell

Robert B. Laughlin

United States of America

for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations

Daniel C. Tsui

United States of America (Taiwan, Province of China)

for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations

Walter Kohn

United States of America

for the development of density-functional theory

Robert F. Furchgott

United States of America

for the discovery of nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system

Louis J. Ignarro

United States of America

for the discovery of nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system

Ferid Murad

United States of America

for the discovery of nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system

Steven Chu

United States of America

for the development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light

William D. Phillips

United States of America

for the development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light

Paul Delos Boyer

United States of America

for the elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Stanley B. Prusiner

United States of America

for the discovery of Prions – a new biological principle of infection

Jody Williams

United States of America

for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel landmines

Robert C. Merton

United States of America

for "a new method to determine the value of derivatives", the development and theoretical justification of the Black–Scholes option-pricing model

David M. Lee

United States of America

for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 (Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 885–888 (1972); Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 920–923 (1972); Phys. Rev. A 8, 1633–1637 (1973))

Douglas D. Osheroff

United States of America

for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 (Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 885–888 (1972); Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 920–923 (1972); Phys. Rev. A 8, 1633–1637 (1973))

Robert C. Richardson

United States of America

for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 (Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 885–888 (1972); Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 920–923 (1972); Phys. Rev. A 8, 1633–1637 (1973))

Robert Floyd Curl Jr.

United States of America

for the discovery of fullerenes (C60)

Richard Errett Smalley

United States of America

for the discovery of fullerenes (C60)

William Vickrey

United States of America, Canada

for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information

Martin L. Perl

United States of America

Pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics (discovery of the tau lepton) Phys. Rev. Lett. 35 (1975) 1489–1492, Phys. Lett. B 63 (1976) 466–470

Frederick Reines

United States of America

Pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics (detection of the neutrino) Science 124 (1956) 103–104

Mario Jose Molina

United States of America

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

Frank Sherwood Rowland

United States of America

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

Edward B. Lewis

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development

Eric F. Wieschaus

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development

Robert Lucas Jr.

United States of America

for having developed and applied the rational expectations hypothesis, thereby transforming macroeconomic analysis and deepening our understanding of economic policy since the 1970s

Clifford G. Shull

United States of America

for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter (development of the neutron diffraction technique) Phys. Rev. 76(1949) 1256-1257; Phys. Rev. 81(1951) 527-535; Phys. Rev. 83(1951) 333-345; Rev. Mod. Phys. 25(1953) 100-107; Phys. Rev. 97(1955) 304-310

George Andrew Olah

United States of America, Hungary

for his contribution to carbocation chemistry

Alfred G. Gilman

United States of America

for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells

Martin Rodbell

United States of America

for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells

John Nash

United States of America

for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games

Russell A. Hulse

United States of America

for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation (Astrophys. J. Lett. 195 (1975) L51-L53; Astrophys. J. Lett. 206 (1976) L53-L58; Astrophys. J. 253 (1982) 908-920; Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 341 (1992) 117-134; Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 1840-1868)

Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.

United States of America

for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation (Astrophys. J. Lett. 195 (1975) L51-L53; Astrophys. J. Lett. 206 (1976) L53-L58; Astrophys. J. 253 (1982) 908-920; Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 341 (1992) 117-134; Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 1840-1868)

Kary Banks Mullis

United States of America

for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, a major contribution to DNA-based chemistry

Phillip Allen Sharp

United States of America

for the discovery of split genes

Toni Morrison

United States of America

who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality

Robert Fogel

United States of America

for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods to explain economic and institutional change

Douglass North

United States of America

for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods to explain economic and institutional change

Rudolph Arthur Marcus

United States of America, Canada

for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems

Edmond H. Fischer

Switzerland, United States of America

for the discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism

Edwin G. Krebs

United States of America

for the discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism

Gary Becker

United States of America

for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including non-market behaviour

Ronald Coase

United States of America

for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy

Jerome I. Friedman

United States of America

for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics

Henry W. Kendall

United States of America

for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics

Elias James Corey

United States of America

for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis

Joseph E. Murray

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease

E. Donnall Thomas

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease

Harry Markowitz

United States of America

for the development of general theories that increase the safety of asset formation

Merton Miller

United States of America

for the development of general theories that increase the safety of asset formation

William Sharpe

United States of America

for the development of general theories that increase the safety of asset formation

Norman F. Ramsey

United States of America

for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its application to the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks (Phys. Rev. 76 (1949) 996; 78 (1950) 695–703; 126 (1962) 603–615, etc.)

Hans G. Dehmelt

United States of America (German Reich)

for the development of the ion trap technique (Phys. Rev. Lett. 41 (1978) 233-236; Phys. Rev. A 22 (1980) 1137-1140, etc.)

Sidney Altman

Canada, United States of America

for the discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA

Thomas Robert Cech

United States of America

for the discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA

J. Michael Bishop

United States of America

for the discovery that the oncogenes of retroviruses are of cellular origin

Harold E. Varmus

United States of America

for the discovery that the oncogenes of retroviruses are of cellular origin

Leon M. Lederman

United States of America

for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Melvin Schwartz

United States of America

for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Jack Steinberger

United States of America (German Reich)

for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Gertrude B. Elion

United States of America

for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

George H. Hitchings

United States of America

for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

Donald James Cram

United States of America

for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific and highly selective interactions (crown compounds)

Charles John Pedersen

United States of America

for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific and highly selective interactions (crown compounds)

Joseph Brodsky

United States of America (Soviet Union)

for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity

Robert Solow

United States of America

for his contributions to the theory of economic growth

Dudley Robert Herschbach

United States of America

for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes

Yuan Tseh Lee

United States of America, Taiwan, Province of China

for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italy, United States of America

for their discoveries of growth factors

Stanley Cohen

United States of America

for their discoveries of growth factors

Elie Wiesel

United States of America

for serving as Chair of the Presidential Commission on the Holocaust

James M. Buchanan

United States of America

for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making

Herbert Aaron Hauptman

United States of America

for the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

Jerome Karle

United States of America

for the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

Michael Stuart Brown

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism

Joseph L. Goldstein

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism

Franco Modigliani

United States of America, Italy

for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets

Robert Bruce Merrifield

United States of America

for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

United States of America (India)

for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars (Philos. Mag. 11 (1931) 592; Astrophys. J. 74 (1931) 81; Astrophys. J. 96 (1942) 161)

William Alfred Fowler

United States of America

for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe (Rev. Mod. Phys. 29 (1957) 547-650)

Henry Taube

United States of America

for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes

Barbara McClintock

United States of America

for the discovery of mobile genetic elements

Kenneth G. Wilson

United States of America

for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions (Phys. Rev. B 4, 3174-3183 (1971); Phys. Rev. B 4, 3184-3205 (1971); Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 240-243 (1972); Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 548-551 (1972); Phys. Rep. 12, 75-199 (1974); Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 773-840 (1975))

George Stigler

United States of America

for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets, and the causes and effects of public regulation

Nicolaas Bloembergen

United States of America (Netherlands)

for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy (Phys. Rev. 104 (1956) 324-327, Phys. Rev. 127 (1962) 1918-1939)

Arthur Leonard Schawlow

United States of America

for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy (Phys. Rev. 104 (1956) 324-327, Phys. Rev. 127 (1962) 1918-1939)

Roald Hoffmann

United States of America, Poland

for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions

Roger Wolcott Sperry

United States of America

for discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres

David H. Hubel

United States of America (Canada)

for discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system

James Tobin

United States of America

for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices

James Cronin

United States of America

for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons

Val Logsdon Fitch

United States of America

for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons

Paul Berg

United States of America

for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA

Walter Gilbert

United States of America

for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids

Baruj Benacerraf

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions

George Davis Snell

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions

Lawrence Klein

United States of America

for the creation of econometric models and their application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies

Sheldon Lee Glashow

United States of America

for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, in particular the prediction of the weak neutral current

Steven Weinberg

United States of America

for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, in particular the prediction of the weak neutral current

Herbert Charles Brown

United States of America

for the development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds into important reagents in organic synthesis (development of new methods in organic synthesis)

Allan McLeod Cormack

United States of America (South Africa)

for the development of computer assisted tomography (CT)

Theodore Schultz

United States of America

for their pioneering research into economic development with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries

Arno Allan Penzias

United States of America (German Reich)

for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation (Astrophys. J. 142 (1965) 419)

Robert Woodrow Wilson

United States of America

for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation (Astrophys. J. 142 (1965) 419)

Daniel Nathans

United States of America

for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics

Hamilton O. Smith

United States of America

for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics

Isaac Bashevis Singer

United States of America, Poland

for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life

Herbert A. Simon

United States of America

for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations

Philip Warren Anderson

United States of America

for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems

John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

United States of America

for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems

Roger Guillemin

United States of America (France)

for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain

Andrew Schally

United States of America (Poland)

for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow

United States of America

for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones

Burton Richter

United States of America

for their pioneering work leading to the discovery of a new, heavy elementary particle, the J/ψ meson (Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 (1974) 1404-1406, 1406-1408, 1408-1410 and related papers; early hint in Phys. Rev. Lett. 25 (1970) 1523-1526).

Samuel Chao Chung Ting

United States of America

for their pioneering work leading to the discovery of a new, heavy elementary particle, the J/ψ meson (Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 (1974) 1404-1406, 1406-1408, 1408-1410 and related papers; early hint in Phys. Rev. Lett. 25 (1970) 1523-1526).

William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr.

United States of America

for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding

Baruch Samuel Blumberg

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases

Daniel Carleton Gajdusek

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases

Saul Bellow

United States of America (Canada)

for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work

Milton Friedman

United States of America

for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy

Leo James Rainwater

United States of America

for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection

Renato Dulbecco

United States of America (Italy)

for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

Howard Martin Temin

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

David Baltimore

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

Paul John Flory

United States of America

for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules

George Emil Palade

United States of America (Romania)

for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell

Ivar Giaever

United States of America (Norway)

for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and in superconductors, respectively (Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 (1960) 147-148; 464-466)

Henry Kissinger

United States of America

for having jointly negotiated a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973

John Bardeen

United States of America

for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS theory (Phys. Rev. 108, 1175-1204, 1957)

Leon Neil Cooper

United States of America

for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS theory (Phys. Rev. 108, 1175-1204, 1957)

John Robert Schrieffer

United States of America

for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS theory (Phys. Rev. 108, 1175-1204, 1957)

Christian Boehmer Anfinsen

United States of America

Determination of the amino acid sequence of the ribonuclease molecule

Stanford Moore

United States of America

Studies on the structure of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule

William Howard Stein

United States of America

Studies on the structure of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule

Gerald Edelman

United States of America

for the discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies

Kenneth Arrow

United States of America

for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory

Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.

United States of America

for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones

Simon Kuznets

United States of America

for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development

Julius Axelrod

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanisms for their storage, release and inactivation

Norman Borlaug

United States of America

for his efforts to alleviate the world food shortage through the Green Revolution

Paul Samuelson

United States of America

for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science

Murray Gell-Mann

United States of America

for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions (Phys. Rev. 92 (1953) 833-834, Phys. Rev. 125 (1962) 1067-1084, Phys. Lett. 8 (1964) 214-215)

Max Delbrück

United States of America (Germany)

for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses

Alfred Hershey

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses

Salvador Luria

United States of America (Italy)

for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses

Luis Walter Alvarez

United States of America

for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis

Lars Onsager

United States of America, Norway

for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes

Robert W. Holley

United States of America

for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis

Har Gobind Khorana

United States of America (British Indian Empire)

for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis

Marshall Warren Nirenberg

United States of America

for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis

Hans Albrecht Bethe

United States of America

for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars

Haldan Keffer Hartline

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye

George Wald

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye

Robert Sanderson Mulliken

United States of America

for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method

Francis Peyton Rous

United States of America

discovery of tumour-inducing viruses

Charles Brenton Huggins

United States of America (Canada)

discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer

Julian Schwinger

United States of America

for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles

Richard P. Feynman

United States of America

for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles

Robert Burns Woodward

United States of America

for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis

Charles Hard Townes

United States of America

for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle

Konrad Emil Bloch

United States of America (Germany)

for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

Martin Luther King Jr.

United States of America

for his non-violent struggle to end racial prejudice in the United States

Eugene Paul Wigner

United States of America (Kingdom of Hungary)

for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles

Maria Goeppert-Mayer

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure

James Dewey Watson

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material

John Steinbeck

United States of America

for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception

Linus Pauling

United States of America

for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West and for leading an international movement demanding a halt to nuclear testing and the pursuit of disarmament

Robert Hofstadter

United States of America

for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and the resulting discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons (Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 (1960) 263–265; Phys. Rev. Lett. 6 (1961) 293–296)

Melvin Calvin

United States of America

for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants

Georg von Békésy

United States of America (Kingdom of Hungary)

for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea

Donald Arthur Glaser

United States of America

for the invention of the bubble chamber, Phys. Rev. 87 (1952) 665-665

Willard Frank Libby

United States of America

for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science

Emilio Gino Segrè

United States of America

for the discovery of the antiproton (Phys. Rev. 100 (1955) 947-950)

Owen Chamberlain

United States of America

for the discovery of the antiproton (Phys. Rev. 100 (1955) 947-950)

Severo Ochoa de Albornoz

United States of America (Spain)

for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid

Arthur Kornberg

United States of America

for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid

George Wells Beadle

United States of America

for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events

Edward Lawrie Tatum

United States of America

for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events

Joshua Lederberg

United States of America

for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria

Chen Ning Yang

United States of America (Taiwan, Province of China)

for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws, which led to important discoveries regarding elementary particles (Phys. Rev. 104 (1956) 254-258; Phys. Rev. 106 (1957) 340-345; Phys. Rev. 105 (1957) 1413-1417)

Tsung-Dao Lee

United States of America (Taiwan, Province of China)

for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws, which led to important discoveries regarding elementary particles (Phys. Rev. 104 (1956) 254-258; Phys. Rev. 106 (1957) 340-345; Phys. Rev. 105 (1957) 1413-1417)

William Bradford Shockley

United States of America

for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect

John Bardeen

United States of America

for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect

Walter Houser Brattain

United States of America

for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect

André Frédéric Cournand

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system

Dickinson W. Richards

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system

Willis Eugene Lamb

United States of America

for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum

Polykarp Kusch

United States of America

for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron

Vincent du Vigneaud

United States of America

for elucidating the structure and achieving the total synthesis of biologically important sulfur-containing compounds, especially the peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin

Linus Carl Pauling

United States of America

for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances

John Franklin Enders

United States of America

for the discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue

Thomas Huckle Weller

United States of America

for the discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue

Frederick Chapman Robbins

United States of America

for the discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue

Ernest Hemingway

United States of America

for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style

Fritz Albert Lipmann

United States of America (Germany)

for the discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism

George C. Marshall

United States of America

for proposing and supervising the Marshall Plan for the economic recovery of Europe

Edward Mills Purcell

United States of America

for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith

Selman Waksman

United States of America (Ukraine)

for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis

Edwin Mattison McMillan

United States of America

for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements

Glenn Theodore Seaborg

United States of America

for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements

Edward Calvin Kendall

United States of America

for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects

Philip Showalter Hench

United States of America

for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects

Ralph Bunche

United States of America

for his successful mediation in Palestine and his contribution to the armistice negotiations between the Arab states and Israel

William Francis Giauque

United States of America

for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures

William Faulkner

United States of America

for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel

Carl Ferdinand Cori

United States of America (Czechoslovakia)

for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen

Gerty Theresa Cori

United States of America (Czechoslovakia)

for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen

American Friends Service Committee

United States of America

for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations

Percy Williams Bridgman

United States of America

for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics

James Batcheller Sumner

United States of America

for the discovery that enzymes can be crystallized

John Howard Northrop

United States of America

for the crystallization of enzymes and virus proteins

Wendell Meredith Stanley

United States of America

for the crystallization of enzymes and virus proteins

Hermann Joseph Muller

United States of America

for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation

Emily Greene Balch

United States of America

as Honorary International President of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

John Raleigh Mott

United States of America

as President of the Young Men's Christian Association

Wolfgang Pauli

United States of America (Austro-Hungarian Empire)

for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle (original paper: Zeitschrift für Physik 31 (1925) 765-783)

Cordell Hull

United States of America

for his pivotal role in drafting the United Nations Charter and his indefatigable work for international understanding

Isidor Isaac Rabi

United States of America (Austro-Hungarian Empire)

for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei

Joseph Erlanger

United States of America

for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres

Herbert Spencer Gasser

United States of America

for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres

Otto Stern

United States of America

for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton

Edward Adelbert Doisy

United States of America

for the discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K

Ernest Orlando Lawrence

United States of America

for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for the results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements

Pearl S. Buck

United States of America

for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces

Clinton Joseph Davisson

United States of America

for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals

Carl David Anderson

United States of America

for the discovery of the positron (Phys. Rev.:43(1933) 491-498; Phys. Rev.:44(1933) 406-423)

Otto Loewi

United States of America (Germany, Austria)

for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses

Eugene O'Neill

United States of America

for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy

Harold Clayton Urey

United States of America

for the discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium)

George Hoyt Whipple

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia

George Richards Minot

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia

William Parry Murphy

United States of America

for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia

Thomas Hunt Morgan

United States of America

for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity

Irving Langmuir

United States of America

for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry

Jane Addams

United States of America

for her leadership of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and her pioneering social reforms

Nicholas Murray Butler

United States of America

for promoting the conclusion of the Kellogg-Briand Pact and for his leadership in the peace movement in the United States

Sinclair Lewis

United States of America

for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters

Frank B. Kellogg

United States of America

for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand–Kellogg Pact

Arthur Holly Compton

United States of America

for his discovery of the Compton effect, named after him

Charles G. Dawes

United States of America

for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan to stabilize and recover Germany’s economy

Robert Andrews Millikan

United States of America

for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect (e.g., Phys. Mag. XIX:6 (1910) 209; Phys. Rev. 2 (1913) 109-143)

Woodrow Wilson

United States of America

for his role in founding the League of Nations

Theodore William Richards

United States of America

for his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements

Elihu Root

United States of America

for his strong commitment to international arbitration and his draft proposal for an international court

Albert Abraham Michelson

United States of America

for his optical precision instruments—especially the Michelson interferometer—and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid

Theodore Roosevelt

United States of America

for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia